People v Anderson, 36 NY3d 1109 (2021)

2021 NY Slip Op 02735 [36 NY3d 1109]
May 4, 2021
Court of Appeals

[*1]

The People of the State of New York, Respondent,
v
Kathon Anderson, Appellant.

Argued March 23, 2021; decided May 4, 2021

People v Anderson, 180 AD3d 923, affirmed.

{**36 NY3d at 1110} OPINION OF THE COURT

Memorandum.

The order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed.

Defendant was 14 years old when he fired a revolver in the direction of rival gang members on a public bus and killed a bystander. He then pursued the rivals on the street, continuing to shoot at them. At his jury trial on charges that included murder in the second degree, the defense was justification (see Penal Law § 35.15). A defendant is justified in using deadly physical force upon another person only if the defendant “reasonably believes that [the] other person is using or about to use deadly physical force” (Penal Law § 35.15 [2] [a]), and only “when and to the extent [the defendant] reasonably believes such [force] to be necessary to defend himself, herself or a third person” (Penal Law § 35.15 [1]; see People v Goetz, 68 NY2d 96, 106 n 5 [1986]).

Defendant sought to introduce testimony by an expert witness, concerning the science of adolescent brain development{**36 NY3d at 1111} and behavior, to assist the jury in determining whether the People had met their burden of disproving justification. The trial court denied defendant’s request, without conducting a Frye hearing (see Frye v United States, 293 F 1013 [DC Cir 1923]; People v Wesley, 83 NY2d 417, 423-429 [1994]).

“[T]he admissibility and limits of expert testimony lie primarily in the sound discretion of the trial court” (People v Lee, 96 NY2d 157, 162 [2001]). The criterion to be applied is “whether the proffered expert testimony would aid a lay jury in reaching a verdict” (id. [internal quotation marks omitted]). Under the particular facts of this case, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant’s request to permit the proposed expert witness testimony.

[*2]
Defendant’s remaining contentions lack merit.

Chief Judge DiFiore and Judges Rivera, Stein, Fahey, Garcia and Wilson concur.

Order affirmed, in a memorandum.